How gallstones are formed?

How gallstones are formed

Gallstone disease is very common in the world. Cholecystectomy, (surgical gall bladder removal) for gall stone related diseases is the most commonly performed surgery by the general surgeons. When we look into this problem we find that there are three types of gall stones in surgical practice.(pathological definition can be different) those are cholesterol stones, pigment stones and mixed stones. ) In western counties commonly cholesterol rich stones are encountered and in Asian countries pigment stones are encounters. But keep in mind mixed stones are the most common type. Classically we say fatty, fertile females in their forties and fifties are more prone to develop gall stones. Now lets look in to the risk factors for the development of gall stones.

Risk factors

Risk factors for cholesterol stones

Obesity

High fat diet

Estrogens (Female, oral contraceptives, Pregnancy)

Hereditary

Impaired gall bladder emptying

Risk factors for pigment stones

Hemolytic disease

Biliary infection

How cholesterol gallstones are formed?

To keep cholesterol in solution phospholipids and bile salts are required in bile. But any relative increase in cholesterol concentration or decrease in bile salt or phospholipid concentration cause cholesterol crystals to form and precipitate. This can act as a nidus for the growth of cholesterol stones. With time layers of cholesterol are deposited around the nidus and large stones are formed.

How to relieve codeine constipation?

How to relieve codeine constipation?

Codeine is a very widely used analgesic agent with many good properties. Compared with the other analgesics it has many good properties and few side effects. But there is one nasty side effect which can be quite troublesome to some people. It is “Constipation”. Many find this very difficult to cope with and some drug companies make their living using this. But people can relieve constipation by adhering to few basic steps I would like to share with you. First in “codeine constipation” forget the first constipation part. Only think about constipation. Now how are we going to relieve constipation? You will have sacrifice a bit. Lets start by increasing the amount of water you drink. This always helps. Then you have to reduce the intake of fast foods and foods made up of refined flour. Because these foods do not have any fiber they make hard dry stools. Try to replace those with fiber rich food. Increase the intake of green vegetables. Then come to the use of laxatives. Do not use laxatives unless constipation is severe and prescribed by a doctor. Laxative abuse aggravates constipation. Not only to codeine constipation, above advises are good for any person. It will make you feel good and reduce the incidence of colon cancer.